001/*
002 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors
003 *
004 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
005 * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
006 *
007 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
008 *
009 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
010 * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
011 * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
012 * the License.
013 */
014
015package com.google.common.util.concurrent;
016
017import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
018import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
019import static com.google.common.collect.Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity;
020import static com.google.common.util.concurrent.Callables.threadRenaming;
021import static com.google.common.util.concurrent.Internal.toNanosSaturated;
022import static com.google.common.util.concurrent.SneakyThrows.sneakyThrow;
023import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;
024import static java.util.concurrent.Executors.defaultThreadFactory;
025import static java.util.concurrent.Executors.unconfigurableExecutorService;
026import static java.util.concurrent.Executors.unconfigurableScheduledExecutorService;
027import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS;
028import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
029
030import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
031import com.google.common.annotations.GwtIncompatible;
032import com.google.common.annotations.J2ktIncompatible;
033import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
034import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
035import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ForwardingListenableFuture.SimpleForwardingListenableFuture;
036import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;
037import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
038import java.time.Duration;
039import java.util.Collection;
040import java.util.Iterator;
041import java.util.List;
042import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
043import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
044import java.util.concurrent.Delayed;
045import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
046import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
047import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
048import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
049import java.util.concurrent.Future;
050import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
051import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
052import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
053import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
054import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
055import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
056import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
057import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy;
058import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
059import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
060import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
061
062/**
063 * Factory and utility methods for {@link Executor}, {@link ExecutorService}, and {@link
064 * ThreadFactory}.
065 *
066 * @author Eric Fellheimer
067 * @author Kyle Littlefield
068 * @author Justin Mahoney
069 * @since 3.0
070 */
071@GwtCompatible
072public final class MoreExecutors {
073  private MoreExecutors() {}
074
075  /**
076   * Converts the given ThreadPoolExecutor into an ExecutorService that exits when the application
077   * is complete. It does so by using daemon threads and adding a shutdown hook to wait for their
078   * completion.
079   *
080   * <p>This is mainly for fixed thread pools. See {@link Executors#newFixedThreadPool(int)}.
081   *
082   * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the application is finished
083   * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to finish before terminating the
084   *     JVM
085   * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM
086   * @since 28.0 (but only since 33.4.0 in the Android flavor)
087   */
088  @J2ktIncompatible
089  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
090  public static ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService(
091      ThreadPoolExecutor executor, Duration terminationTimeout) {
092    return getExitingExecutorService(executor, toNanosSaturated(terminationTimeout), NANOSECONDS);
093  }
094
095  /**
096   * Converts the given ThreadPoolExecutor into an ExecutorService that exits when the application
097   * is complete. It does so by using daemon threads and adding a shutdown hook to wait for their
098   * completion.
099   *
100   * <p>This is mainly for fixed thread pools. See {@link Executors#newFixedThreadPool(int)}.
101   *
102   * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the application is finished
103   * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to finish before terminating the
104   *     JVM
105   * @param timeUnit unit of time for the time parameter
106   * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM
107   */
108  @J2ktIncompatible
109  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
110  @SuppressWarnings("GoodTime") // should accept a java.time.Duration
111  public static ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService(
112      ThreadPoolExecutor executor, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
113    return new Application().getExitingExecutorService(executor, terminationTimeout, timeUnit);
114  }
115
116  /**
117   * Converts the given ThreadPoolExecutor into an ExecutorService that exits when the application
118   * is complete. It does so by using daemon threads and adding a shutdown hook to wait for their
119   * completion.
120   *
121   * <p>This method waits 120 seconds before continuing with JVM termination, even if the executor
122   * has not finished its work.
123   *
124   * <p>This is mainly for fixed thread pools. See {@link Executors#newFixedThreadPool(int)}.
125   *
126   * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the application is finished
127   * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM
128   */
129  @J2ktIncompatible
130  @GwtIncompatible // concurrency
131  public static ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService(ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {
132    return new Application().getExitingExecutorService(executor);
133  }
134
135  /**
136   * Converts the given ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor into a ScheduledExecutorService that exits when
137   * the application is complete. It does so by using daemon threads and adding a shutdown hook to
138   * wait for their completion.
139   *
140   * <p>This is mainly for fixed thread pools. See {@link Executors#newScheduledThreadPool(int)}.
141   *
142   * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the application is finished
143   * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to finish before terminating the
144   *     JVM
145   * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM
146   * @since 28.0 (but only since 33.4.0 in the Android flavor)
147   */
148  @J2ktIncompatible
149  @GwtIncompatible // java.time.Duration
150  public static ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService(
151      ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor, Duration terminationTimeout) {
152    return getExitingScheduledExecutorService(
153        executor, toNanosSaturated(terminationTimeout), NANOSECONDS);
154  }
155
156  /**
157   * Converts the given ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor into a ScheduledExecutorService that exits when
158   * the application is complete. It does so by using daemon threads and adding a shutdown hook to
159   * wait for their completion.
160   *
161   * <p>This is mainly for fixed thread pools. See {@link Executors#newScheduledThreadPool(int)}.
162   *
163   * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the application is finished
164   * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to finish before terminating the
165   *     JVM
166   * @param timeUnit unit of time for the time parameter
167   * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM
168   */
169  @J2ktIncompatible
170  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
171  @SuppressWarnings("GoodTime") // should accept a java.time.Duration
172  public static ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService(
173      ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
174    return new Application()
175        .getExitingScheduledExecutorService(executor, terminationTimeout, timeUnit);
176  }
177
178  /**
179   * Converts the given ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor into a ScheduledExecutorService that exits when
180   * the application is complete. It does so by using daemon threads and adding a shutdown hook to
181   * wait for their completion.
182   *
183   * <p>This method waits 120 seconds before continuing with JVM termination, even if the executor
184   * has not finished its work.
185   *
186   * <p>This is mainly for fixed thread pools. See {@link Executors#newScheduledThreadPool(int)}.
187   *
188   * @param executor the executor to modify to make sure it exits when the application is finished
189   * @return an unmodifiable version of the input which will not hang the JVM
190   */
191  @J2ktIncompatible
192  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
193  public static ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService(
194      ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor) {
195    return new Application().getExitingScheduledExecutorService(executor);
196  }
197
198  /**
199   * Add a shutdown hook to wait for thread completion in the given {@link ExecutorService service}.
200   * This is useful if the given service uses daemon threads, and we want to keep the JVM from
201   * exiting immediately on shutdown, instead giving these daemon threads a chance to terminate
202   * normally.
203   *
204   * @param service ExecutorService which uses daemon threads
205   * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to finish before terminating the
206   *     JVM
207   * @since 28.0 (but only since 33.4.0 in the Android flavor)
208   */
209  @J2ktIncompatible
210  @GwtIncompatible // java.time.Duration
211  public static void addDelayedShutdownHook(ExecutorService service, Duration terminationTimeout) {
212    addDelayedShutdownHook(service, toNanosSaturated(terminationTimeout), NANOSECONDS);
213  }
214
215  /**
216   * Add a shutdown hook to wait for thread completion in the given {@link ExecutorService service}.
217   * This is useful if the given service uses daemon threads, and we want to keep the JVM from
218   * exiting immediately on shutdown, instead giving these daemon threads a chance to terminate
219   * normally.
220   *
221   * @param service ExecutorService which uses daemon threads
222   * @param terminationTimeout how long to wait for the executor to finish before terminating the
223   *     JVM
224   * @param timeUnit unit of time for the time parameter
225   */
226  @J2ktIncompatible
227  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
228  @SuppressWarnings("GoodTime") // should accept a java.time.Duration
229  public static void addDelayedShutdownHook(
230      ExecutorService service, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
231    new Application().addDelayedShutdownHook(service, terminationTimeout, timeUnit);
232  }
233
234  /** Represents the current application to register shutdown hooks. */
235  @J2ktIncompatible
236  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
237  @VisibleForTesting
238  static class Application {
239
240    final ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService(
241        ThreadPoolExecutor executor, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
242      useDaemonThreadFactory(executor);
243      ExecutorService service = unconfigurableExecutorService(executor);
244      addDelayedShutdownHook(executor, terminationTimeout, timeUnit);
245      return service;
246    }
247
248    final ExecutorService getExitingExecutorService(ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {
249      return getExitingExecutorService(executor, 120, SECONDS);
250    }
251
252    final ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService(
253        ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
254      useDaemonThreadFactory(executor);
255      ScheduledExecutorService service = unconfigurableScheduledExecutorService(executor);
256      addDelayedShutdownHook(executor, terminationTimeout, timeUnit);
257      return service;
258    }
259
260    final ScheduledExecutorService getExitingScheduledExecutorService(
261        ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor executor) {
262      return getExitingScheduledExecutorService(executor, 120, SECONDS);
263    }
264
265    final void addDelayedShutdownHook(
266        ExecutorService service, long terminationTimeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
267      checkNotNull(service);
268      checkNotNull(timeUnit);
269      addShutdownHook(
270          newThread(
271              "DelayedShutdownHook-for-" + service,
272              () -> {
273                service.shutdown();
274                try {
275                  // We'd like to log progress and failures that may arise in the
276                  // following code, but unfortunately the behavior of logging
277                  // is undefined in shutdown hooks.
278                  // This is because the logging code installs a shutdown hook of its
279                  // own. See Cleaner class inside {@link LogManager}.
280                  service.awaitTermination(terminationTimeout, timeUnit);
281                } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
282                  // We're shutting down anyway, so just ignore.
283                }
284              }));
285    }
286
287    @VisibleForTesting
288    void addShutdownHook(Thread hook) {
289      Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(hook);
290    }
291
292    Application() {}
293  }
294
295  @J2ktIncompatible
296  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
297  private static void useDaemonThreadFactory(ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {
298    executor.setThreadFactory(
299        new ThreadFactoryBuilder()
300            .setDaemon(true)
301            .setThreadFactory(executor.getThreadFactory())
302            .build());
303  }
304
305  /**
306   * Creates an executor service that runs each task in the thread that invokes {@code
307   * execute/submit}, as in {@link CallerRunsPolicy} This applies both to individually submitted
308   * tasks and to collections of tasks submitted via {@code invokeAll} or {@code invokeAny}. In the
309   * latter case, tasks will run serially on the calling thread. Tasks are run to completion before
310   * a {@code Future} is returned to the caller (unless the executor has been shutdown).
311   *
312   * <p>Although all tasks are immediately executed in the thread that submitted the task, this
313   * {@code ExecutorService} imposes a small locking overhead on each task submission in order to
314   * implement shutdown and termination behavior.
315   *
316   * <p>The implementation deviates from the {@code ExecutorService} specification with regards to
317   * the {@code shutdownNow} method. First, "best-effort" with regards to canceling running tasks is
318   * implemented as "no-effort". No interrupts or other attempts are made to stop threads executing
319   * tasks. Second, the returned list will always be empty, as any submitted task is considered to
320   * have started execution. This applies also to tasks given to {@code invokeAll} or {@code
321   * invokeAny} which are pending serial execution, even the subset of the tasks that have not yet
322   * started execution. It is unclear from the {@code ExecutorService} specification if these should
323   * be included, and it's much easier to implement the interpretation that they not be. Finally, a
324   * call to {@code shutdown} or {@code shutdownNow} may result in concurrent calls to {@code
325   * invokeAll/invokeAny} throwing RejectedExecutionException, although a subset of the tasks may
326   * already have been executed.
327   *
328   * @since 18.0 (present as MoreExecutors.sameThreadExecutor() since 10.0)
329   */
330  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
331  public static ListeningExecutorService newDirectExecutorService() {
332    return new DirectExecutorService();
333  }
334
335  /**
336   * Returns an {@link Executor} that runs each task in the thread that invokes {@link
337   * Executor#execute execute}, as in {@link CallerRunsPolicy}.
338   *
339   * <p>This executor is appropriate for tasks that are lightweight and not deeply chained.
340   * Inappropriate {@code directExecutor} usage can cause problems, and these problems can be
341   * difficult to reproduce because they depend on timing. For example:
342   *
343   * <ul>
344   *   <li>When a {@code ListenableFuture} listener is registered to run under {@code
345   *       directExecutor}, the listener can execute in any of three possible threads:
346   *       <ol>
347   *         <li>When a thread attaches a listener to a {@code ListenableFuture} that's already
348   *             complete, the listener runs immediately in that thread.
349   *         <li>When a thread attaches a listener to a {@code ListenableFuture} that's
350   *             <em>in</em>complete and the {@code ListenableFuture} later completes normally, the
351   *             listener runs in the thread that completes the {@code ListenableFuture}.
352   *         <li>When a listener is attached to a {@code ListenableFuture} and the {@code
353   *             ListenableFuture} gets cancelled, the listener runs immediately in the thread that
354   *             cancelled the {@code Future}.
355   *       </ol>
356   *       Given all these possibilities, it is frequently possible for listeners to execute in UI
357   *       threads, RPC network threads, or other latency-sensitive threads. In those cases, slow
358   *       listeners can harm responsiveness, slow the system as a whole, or worse. (See also the
359   *       note about locking below.)
360   *   <li>If many tasks will be triggered by the same event, one heavyweight task may delay other
361   *       tasks -- even tasks that are not themselves {@code directExecutor} tasks.
362   *   <li>If many such tasks are chained together (such as with {@code
363   *       future.transform(...).transform(...).transform(...)....}), they may overflow the stack.
364   *       (In simple cases, callers can avoid this by registering all tasks with the same {@link
365   *       MoreExecutors#newSequentialExecutor} wrapper around {@code directExecutor()}. More
366   *       complex cases may require using thread pools or making deeper changes.)
367   *   <li>If an exception propagates out of a {@code Runnable}, it is not necessarily seen by any
368   *       {@code UncaughtExceptionHandler} for the thread. For example, if the callback passed to
369   *       {@link Futures#addCallback} throws an exception, that exception will be typically be
370   *       logged by the {@link ListenableFuture} implementation, even if the thread is configured
371   *       to do something different. In other cases, no code will catch the exception, and it may
372   *       terminate whichever thread happens to trigger the execution.
373   * </ul>
374   *
375   * A specific warning about locking: Code that executes user-supplied tasks, such as {@code
376   * ListenableFuture} listeners, should take care not to do so while holding a lock. Additionally,
377   * as a further line of defense, prefer not to perform any locking inside a task that will be run
378   * under {@code directExecutor}: Not only might the wait for a lock be long, but if the running
379   * thread was holding a lock, the listener may deadlock or break lock isolation.
380   *
381   * <p>This instance is equivalent to:
382   *
383   * {@snippet :
384   * final class DirectExecutor implements Executor {
385   *   public void execute(Runnable r) {
386   *     r.run();
387   *   }
388   * }
389   * }
390   *
391   * <p>This should be preferred to {@link #newDirectExecutorService()} because implementing the
392   * {@link ExecutorService} subinterface necessitates significant performance overhead.
393   *
394   * @since 18.0
395   */
396  public static Executor directExecutor() {
397    return DirectExecutor.INSTANCE;
398  }
399
400  /**
401   * Returns an {@link Executor} that runs each task executed sequentially, such that no two tasks
402   * are running concurrently.
403   *
404   * <p>{@linkplain Executor#execute executed} tasks have a happens-before order as defined in the
405   * Java Language Specification. Tasks execute with the same happens-before order that the function
406   * calls to {@link Executor#execute execute()} that submitted those tasks had.
407   *
408   * <p>The executor uses {@code delegate} in order to {@link Executor#execute execute} each task in
409   * turn, and does not create any threads of its own.
410   *
411   * <p>After execution begins on a thread from the {@code delegate} {@link Executor}, tasks are
412   * polled and executed from a task queue until there are no more tasks. The thread will not be
413   * released until there are no more tasks to run.
414   *
415   * <p>If a task is submitted while a thread is executing tasks from the task queue, the thread
416   * will not be released until that submitted task is also complete.
417   *
418   * <p>If a task is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted} while a task is running:
419   *
420   * <ol>
421   *   <li>execution will not stop until the task queue is empty.
422   *   <li>tasks will begin execution with the thread marked as not interrupted - any interruption
423   *       applies only to the task that was running at the point of interruption.
424   *   <li>if the thread was interrupted before the SequentialExecutor's worker begins execution,
425   *       the interrupt will be restored to the thread after it completes so that its {@code
426   *       delegate} Executor may process the interrupt.
427   *   <li>subtasks are run with the thread uninterrupted and interrupts received during execution
428   *       of a task are ignored.
429   * </ol>
430   *
431   * <p>{@code RuntimeException}s thrown by tasks are simply logged and the executor keeps trucking.
432   * If an {@code Error} is thrown, the error will propagate and execution will stop until the next
433   * time a task is submitted.
434   *
435   * <p>When an {@code Error} is thrown by an executed task, previously submitted tasks may never
436   * run. An attempt will be made to restart execution on the next call to {@code execute}. If the
437   * {@code delegate} has begun to reject execution, the previously submitted tasks may never run,
438   * despite not throwing a RejectedExecutionException synchronously with the call to {@code
439   * execute}. If this behaviour is problematic, use an Executor with a single thread (e.g. {@link
440   * Executors#newSingleThreadExecutor}).
441   *
442   * @since 23.3 (since 23.1 as {@code sequentialExecutor})
443   */
444  @GwtIncompatible
445  public static Executor newSequentialExecutor(Executor delegate) {
446    return new SequentialExecutor(delegate);
447  }
448
449  /**
450   * Creates an {@link ExecutorService} whose {@code submit} and {@code invokeAll} methods submit
451   * {@link ListenableFutureTask} instances to the given delegate executor. Those methods, as well
452   * as {@code execute} and {@code invokeAny}, are implemented in terms of calls to {@code
453   * delegate.execute}. All other methods are forwarded unchanged to the delegate. This implies that
454   * the returned {@code ListeningExecutorService} never calls the delegate's {@code submit}, {@code
455   * invokeAll}, and {@code invokeAny} methods, so any special handling of tasks must be implemented
456   * in the delegate's {@code execute} method or by wrapping the returned {@code
457   * ListeningExecutorService}.
458   *
459   * <p>If the delegate executor was already an instance of {@code ListeningExecutorService}, it is
460   * returned untouched, and the rest of this documentation does not apply.
461   *
462   * @since 10.0
463   */
464  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
465  public static ListeningExecutorService listeningDecorator(ExecutorService delegate) {
466    return (delegate instanceof ListeningExecutorService)
467        ? (ListeningExecutorService) delegate
468        : (delegate instanceof ScheduledExecutorService)
469            ? new ScheduledListeningDecorator((ScheduledExecutorService) delegate)
470            : new ListeningDecorator(delegate);
471  }
472
473  /**
474   * Creates a {@link ScheduledExecutorService} whose {@code submit} and {@code invokeAll} methods
475   * submit {@link ListenableFutureTask} instances to the given delegate executor. Those methods, as
476   * well as {@code execute} and {@code invokeAny}, are implemented in terms of calls to {@code
477   * delegate.execute}. All other methods are forwarded unchanged to the delegate. This implies that
478   * the returned {@code ListeningScheduledExecutorService} never calls the delegate's {@code
479   * submit}, {@code invokeAll}, and {@code invokeAny} methods, so any special handling of tasks
480   * must be implemented in the delegate's {@code execute} method or by wrapping the returned {@code
481   * ListeningScheduledExecutorService}.
482   *
483   * <p>If the delegate executor was already an instance of {@code
484   * ListeningScheduledExecutorService}, it is returned untouched, and the rest of this
485   * documentation does not apply.
486   *
487   * @since 10.0
488   */
489  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
490  public static ListeningScheduledExecutorService listeningDecorator(
491      ScheduledExecutorService delegate) {
492    return (delegate instanceof ListeningScheduledExecutorService)
493        ? (ListeningScheduledExecutorService) delegate
494        : new ScheduledListeningDecorator(delegate);
495  }
496
497  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
498  private static class ListeningDecorator extends AbstractListeningExecutorService {
499    private final ExecutorService delegate;
500
501    ListeningDecorator(ExecutorService delegate) {
502      this.delegate = checkNotNull(delegate);
503    }
504
505    @Override
506    public final boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
507      return delegate.awaitTermination(timeout, unit);
508    }
509
510    @Override
511    public final boolean isShutdown() {
512      return delegate.isShutdown();
513    }
514
515    @Override
516    public final boolean isTerminated() {
517      return delegate.isTerminated();
518    }
519
520    @Override
521    public final void shutdown() {
522      delegate.shutdown();
523    }
524
525    @Override
526    public final List<Runnable> shutdownNow() {
527      return delegate.shutdownNow();
528    }
529
530    /*
531     * TODO(user): In addition to overriding `execute`, also
532     * override the `Future`-returning methods of `ExecutorService` to propagate cancellation from
533     * our `TrustedListenableFutureTask` to a `Future` returned by the delegate executor?
534     */
535
536    @Override
537    public final void execute(Runnable command) {
538      delegate.execute(command);
539    }
540
541    @Override
542    public final String toString() {
543      return super.toString() + "[" + delegate + "]";
544    }
545  }
546
547  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
548  private static final class ScheduledListeningDecorator extends ListeningDecorator
549      implements ListeningScheduledExecutorService {
550    @SuppressWarnings("hiding")
551    final ScheduledExecutorService delegate;
552
553    ScheduledListeningDecorator(ScheduledExecutorService delegate) {
554      super(delegate);
555      this.delegate = checkNotNull(delegate);
556    }
557
558    @Override
559    public ListenableScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
560      TrustedListenableFutureTask<@Nullable Void> task =
561          TrustedListenableFutureTask.create(command, null);
562      ScheduledFuture<?> scheduled = delegate.schedule(task, delay, unit);
563      return new ListenableScheduledTask<@Nullable Void>(task, scheduled);
564    }
565
566    @Override
567    public <V extends @Nullable Object> ListenableScheduledFuture<V> schedule(
568        Callable<V> callable, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
569      TrustedListenableFutureTask<V> task = TrustedListenableFutureTask.create(callable);
570      ScheduledFuture<?> scheduled = delegate.schedule(task, delay, unit);
571      return new ListenableScheduledTask<>(task, scheduled);
572    }
573
574    @Override
575    public ListenableScheduledFuture<?> scheduleAtFixedRate(
576        Runnable command, long initialDelay, long period, TimeUnit unit) {
577      NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask task = new NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask(command);
578      ScheduledFuture<?> scheduled = delegate.scheduleAtFixedRate(task, initialDelay, period, unit);
579      return new ListenableScheduledTask<@Nullable Void>(task, scheduled);
580    }
581
582    @Override
583    public ListenableScheduledFuture<?> scheduleWithFixedDelay(
584        Runnable command, long initialDelay, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
585      NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask task = new NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask(command);
586      ScheduledFuture<?> scheduled =
587          delegate.scheduleWithFixedDelay(task, initialDelay, delay, unit);
588      return new ListenableScheduledTask<@Nullable Void>(task, scheduled);
589    }
590
591    private static final class ListenableScheduledTask<V extends @Nullable Object>
592        extends SimpleForwardingListenableFuture<V> implements ListenableScheduledFuture<V> {
593
594      private final ScheduledFuture<?> scheduledDelegate;
595
596      ListenableScheduledTask(
597          ListenableFuture<V> listenableDelegate, ScheduledFuture<?> scheduledDelegate) {
598        super(listenableDelegate);
599        this.scheduledDelegate = scheduledDelegate;
600      }
601
602      @Override
603      public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
604        boolean cancelled = super.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning);
605        if (cancelled) {
606          // Unless it is cancelled, the delegate may continue being scheduled
607          scheduledDelegate.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning);
608
609          /*
610           * We'd love to also arrange for the inverse -- that is, to also automatically cancel this
611           * future if scheduledDelegate is cancelled (as happens after the delegate executor is
612           * shut down: https://github.com/google/guava/issues/3553). But it seems unlikely that
613           * that's possible to detect in general.
614           */
615        }
616        return cancelled;
617      }
618
619      @Override
620      public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) {
621        return scheduledDelegate.getDelay(unit);
622      }
623
624      @Override
625      public int compareTo(Delayed other) {
626        return scheduledDelegate.compareTo(other);
627      }
628    }
629
630    private static final class NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask
631        extends AbstractFuture.TrustedFuture<@Nullable Void> implements Runnable {
632      private final Runnable delegate;
633
634      NeverSuccessfulListenableFutureTask(Runnable delegate) {
635        this.delegate = checkNotNull(delegate);
636      }
637
638      @Override
639      public void run() {
640        try {
641          delegate.run();
642        } catch (Throwable t) {
643          // Any Exception is either a RuntimeException or sneaky checked exception.
644
645          /*
646           * We fail this `ListenableFuture`, whose result is exposed to the user through the
647           * `ListenableScheduledTask` we return from the `schedule*` methods.
648           */
649          setException(t);
650
651          /*
652           * We fail the current run of the recurring task so that it is not rescheduled. This also
653           * fails the `ScheduledFuture`, which might be visible only to users who operate directly
654           * on the delegate executor's queue.
655           *
656           * (Users who try to operate directly on the `ScheduledFuture` may have additional
657           * problems. For example, if they cancel that `Future`, it won't cancel the user-visible
658           * `ListenableScheduledTask`. This is essentially the same problem as the
659           * `ListenableScheduledTask` has with executor shutdown:
660           * https://github.com/google/guava/issues/3553)
661           */
662          throw t;
663        }
664      }
665
666      @Override
667      protected String pendingToString() {
668        return "task=[" + delegate + "]";
669      }
670    }
671  }
672
673  /*
674   * This following method is a modified version of one found in
675   * http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/jsr166/src/test/tck/AbstractExecutorServiceTest.java?revision=1.30
676   * which contained the following notice:
677   *
678   * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166 Expert Group and released to
679   * the public domain, as explained at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
680   *
681   * Other contributors include Andrew Wright, Jeffrey Hayes, Pat Fisher, Mike Judd.
682   */
683
684  /**
685   * An implementation of {@link ExecutorService#invokeAny} for {@link ListeningExecutorService}
686   * implementations.
687   */
688  @J2ktIncompatible
689  @GwtIncompatible
690  @ParametricNullness
691  static <T extends @Nullable Object> T invokeAnyImpl(
692      ListeningExecutorService executorService,
693      Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,
694      boolean timed,
695      Duration timeout)
696      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
697    return invokeAnyImpl(executorService, tasks, timed, toNanosSaturated(timeout), NANOSECONDS);
698  }
699
700  /**
701   * An implementation of {@link ExecutorService#invokeAny} for {@link ListeningExecutorService}
702   * implementations.
703   */
704  @SuppressWarnings({
705    "GoodTime", // should accept a java.time.Duration
706    "CatchingUnchecked", // sneaky checked exception
707    "Interruption", // We copy AbstractExecutorService.invokeAny. Maybe we shouldn't: b/227335009.
708  })
709  @J2ktIncompatible
710  @GwtIncompatible
711  @ParametricNullness
712  static <T extends @Nullable Object> T invokeAnyImpl(
713      ListeningExecutorService executorService,
714      Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,
715      boolean timed,
716      long timeout,
717      TimeUnit unit)
718      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
719    checkNotNull(executorService);
720    checkNotNull(unit);
721    int ntasks = tasks.size();
722    checkArgument(ntasks > 0);
723    List<Future<T>> futures = newArrayListWithCapacity(ntasks);
724    BlockingQueue<Future<T>> futureQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
725    long timeoutNanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
726
727    // For efficiency, especially in executors with limited
728    // parallelism, check to see if previously submitted tasks are
729    // done before submitting more of them. This interleaving
730    // plus the exception mechanics account for messiness of main
731    // loop.
732
733    try {
734      // Record exceptions so that if we fail to obtain any
735      // result, we can throw the last exception we got.
736      ExecutionException ee = null;
737      long lastTime = timed ? System.nanoTime() : 0;
738      Iterator<? extends Callable<T>> it = tasks.iterator();
739
740      futures.add(submitAndAddQueueListener(executorService, it.next(), futureQueue));
741      --ntasks;
742      int active = 1;
743
744      while (true) {
745        Future<T> f = futureQueue.poll();
746        if (f == null) {
747          if (ntasks > 0) {
748            --ntasks;
749            futures.add(submitAndAddQueueListener(executorService, it.next(), futureQueue));
750            ++active;
751          } else if (active == 0) {
752            break;
753          } else if (timed) {
754            f = futureQueue.poll(timeoutNanos, NANOSECONDS);
755            if (f == null) {
756              throw new TimeoutException();
757            }
758            long now = System.nanoTime();
759            timeoutNanos -= now - lastTime;
760            lastTime = now;
761          } else {
762            f = futureQueue.take();
763          }
764        }
765        if (f != null) {
766          --active;
767          try {
768            return f.get();
769          } catch (ExecutionException eex) {
770            ee = eex;
771          } catch (InterruptedException iex) {
772            throw iex;
773          } catch (Exception rex) { // sneaky checked exception
774            ee = new ExecutionException(rex);
775          }
776        }
777      }
778
779      if (ee == null) {
780        ee = new ExecutionException(null);
781      }
782      throw ee;
783    } finally {
784      for (Future<T> f : futures) {
785        f.cancel(true);
786      }
787    }
788  }
789
790  /**
791   * Submits the task and adds a listener that adds the future to {@code queue} when it completes.
792   */
793  @J2ktIncompatible
794  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
795  private static <T extends @Nullable Object> ListenableFuture<T> submitAndAddQueueListener(
796      ListeningExecutorService executorService, Callable<T> task, BlockingQueue<Future<T>> queue) {
797    ListenableFuture<T> future = executorService.submit(task);
798    future.addListener(() -> queue.add(future), directExecutor());
799    return future;
800  }
801
802  /**
803   * Returns a default thread factory used to create new threads.
804   *
805   * <p>When running on AppEngine with access to <a
806   * href="https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/java/javadoc/">AppEngine legacy
807   * APIs</a>, this method returns {@code ThreadManager.currentRequestThreadFactory()}. Otherwise,
808   * it returns {@link Executors#defaultThreadFactory()}.
809   *
810   * @since 14.0
811   */
812  @J2ktIncompatible
813  @GwtIncompatible // concurrency
814  public static ThreadFactory platformThreadFactory() {
815    if (!isAppEngineWithApiClasses()) {
816      return defaultThreadFactory();
817    }
818    try {
819      return (ThreadFactory)
820          Class.forName("com.google.appengine.api.ThreadManager")
821              .getMethod("currentRequestThreadFactory")
822              .invoke(null);
823    } catch (IllegalAccessException | ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchMethodException e) {
824      throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't invoke ThreadManager.currentRequestThreadFactory", e);
825    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
826      // `currentRequestThreadFactory` has no `throws` clause.
827      throw sneakyThrow(e.getCause());
828    }
829  }
830
831  @J2ktIncompatible
832  @GwtIncompatible // TODO
833  private static boolean isAppEngineWithApiClasses() {
834    if (System.getProperty("com.google.appengine.runtime.environment") == null) {
835      return false;
836    }
837    try {
838      Class.forName("com.google.appengine.api.utils.SystemProperty");
839    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
840      return false;
841    }
842    try {
843      // If the current environment is null, we're not inside AppEngine.
844      return Class.forName("com.google.apphosting.api.ApiProxy")
845              .getMethod("getCurrentEnvironment")
846              .invoke(null)
847          != null;
848    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
849      // If ApiProxy doesn't exist, we're not on AppEngine at all.
850      return false;
851    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
852      // If ApiProxy throws an exception, we're not in a proper AppEngine environment.
853      return false;
854    } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
855      // If the method isn't accessible, we're not on a supported version of AppEngine;
856      return false;
857    } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
858      // If the method doesn't exist, we're not on a supported version of AppEngine;
859      return false;
860    }
861  }
862
863  /**
864   * Creates a thread using {@link #platformThreadFactory}, and sets its name to {@code name} unless
865   * changing the name is forbidden by the security manager.
866   */
867  @J2ktIncompatible
868  @GwtIncompatible // concurrency
869  static Thread newThread(String name, Runnable runnable) {
870    checkNotNull(name);
871    checkNotNull(runnable);
872    // TODO(b/139726489): Confirm that null is impossible here.
873    Thread result = requireNonNull(platformThreadFactory().newThread(runnable));
874    try {
875      result.setName(name);
876    } catch (SecurityException e) {
877      // OK if we can't set the name in this environment.
878    }
879    return result;
880  }
881
882  // TODO(lukes): provide overloads for ListeningExecutorService? ListeningScheduledExecutorService?
883  // TODO(lukes): provide overloads that take constant strings? Function<Runnable, String>s to
884  // calculate names?
885
886  /**
887   * Creates an {@link Executor} that renames the {@link Thread threads} that its tasks run in.
888   *
889   * <p>The names are retrieved from the {@code nameSupplier} on the thread that is being renamed
890   * right before each task is run. The renaming is best effort, if a {@link SecurityManager}
891   * prevents the renaming then it will be skipped but the tasks will still execute.
892   *
893   * @param executor The executor to decorate
894   * @param nameSupplier The source of names for each task
895   */
896  @J2ktIncompatible
897  @GwtIncompatible // concurrency
898  static Executor renamingDecorator(Executor executor, Supplier<String> nameSupplier) {
899    checkNotNull(executor);
900    checkNotNull(nameSupplier);
901    return command -> executor.execute(threadRenaming(command, nameSupplier));
902  }
903
904  /**
905   * Creates an {@link ExecutorService} that renames the {@link Thread threads} that its tasks run
906   * in.
907   *
908   * <p>The names are retrieved from the {@code nameSupplier} on the thread that is being renamed
909   * right before each task is run. The renaming is best effort, if a {@link SecurityManager}
910   * prevents the renaming then it will be skipped but the tasks will still execute.
911   *
912   * @param service The executor to decorate
913   * @param nameSupplier The source of names for each task
914   */
915  @J2ktIncompatible
916  @GwtIncompatible // concurrency
917  static ExecutorService renamingDecorator(ExecutorService service, Supplier<String> nameSupplier) {
918    checkNotNull(service);
919    checkNotNull(nameSupplier);
920    return new WrappingExecutorService(service) {
921      @Override
922      protected <T extends @Nullable Object> Callable<T> wrapTask(Callable<T> callable) {
923        return threadRenaming(callable, nameSupplier);
924      }
925
926      @Override
927      protected Runnable wrapTask(Runnable command) {
928        return threadRenaming(command, nameSupplier);
929      }
930    };
931  }
932
933  /**
934   * Creates a {@link ScheduledExecutorService} that renames the {@link Thread threads} that its
935   * tasks run in.
936   *
937   * <p>The names are retrieved from the {@code nameSupplier} on the thread that is being renamed
938   * right before each task is run. The renaming is best effort, if a {@link SecurityManager}
939   * prevents the renaming then it will be skipped but the tasks will still execute.
940   *
941   * @param service The executor to decorate
942   * @param nameSupplier The source of names for each task
943   */
944  @J2ktIncompatible
945  @GwtIncompatible // concurrency
946  static ScheduledExecutorService renamingDecorator(
947      ScheduledExecutorService service, Supplier<String> nameSupplier) {
948    checkNotNull(service);
949    checkNotNull(nameSupplier);
950    return new WrappingScheduledExecutorService(service) {
951      @Override
952      protected <T extends @Nullable Object> Callable<T> wrapTask(Callable<T> callable) {
953        return threadRenaming(callable, nameSupplier);
954      }
955
956      @Override
957      protected Runnable wrapTask(Runnable command) {
958        return threadRenaming(command, nameSupplier);
959      }
960    };
961  }
962
963  /**
964   * Shuts down the given executor service gradually, first disabling new submissions and later, if
965   * necessary, cancelling remaining tasks.
966   *
967   * <p>The method takes the following steps:
968   *
969   * <ol>
970   *   <li>calls {@link ExecutorService#shutdown()}, disabling acceptance of new submitted tasks.
971   *   <li>awaits executor service termination for half of the specified timeout.
972   *   <li>if the timeout expires, it calls {@link ExecutorService#shutdownNow()}, cancelling
973   *       pending tasks and interrupting running tasks.
974   *   <li>awaits executor service termination for the other half of the specified timeout.
975   * </ol>
976   *
977   * <p>If, at any step of the process, the calling thread is interrupted, the method calls {@link
978   * ExecutorService#shutdownNow()} and returns.
979   *
980   * <p>For a version of this method that waits <i>indefinitely</i>, use {@link
981   * ExecutorService#close}.
982   *
983   * @param service the {@code ExecutorService} to shut down
984   * @param timeout the maximum time to wait for the {@code ExecutorService} to terminate
985   * @return {@code true} if the {@code ExecutorService} was terminated successfully, {@code false}
986   *     if the call timed out or was interrupted
987   * @since 28.0 (but only since 33.4.0 in the Android flavor)
988   */
989  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
990  @J2ktIncompatible
991  @GwtIncompatible // java.time.Duration
992  public static boolean shutdownAndAwaitTermination(ExecutorService service, Duration timeout) {
993    return shutdownAndAwaitTermination(service, toNanosSaturated(timeout), NANOSECONDS);
994  }
995
996  /**
997   * Shuts down the given executor service gradually, first disabling new submissions and later, if
998   * necessary, cancelling remaining tasks.
999   *
1000   * <p>The method takes the following steps:
1001   *
1002   * <ol>
1003   *   <li>calls {@link ExecutorService#shutdown()}, disabling acceptance of new submitted tasks.
1004   *   <li>awaits executor service termination for half of the specified timeout.
1005   *   <li>if the timeout expires, it calls {@link ExecutorService#shutdownNow()}, cancelling
1006   *       pending tasks and interrupting running tasks.
1007   *   <li>awaits executor service termination for the other half of the specified timeout.
1008   * </ol>
1009   *
1010   * <p>If, at any step of the process, the calling thread is interrupted, the method calls {@link
1011   * ExecutorService#shutdownNow()} and returns.
1012   *
1013   * <p>For a version of this method that waits <i>indefinitely</i>, use {@link
1014   * ExecutorService#close}.
1015   *
1016   * @param service the {@code ExecutorService} to shut down
1017   * @param timeout the maximum time to wait for the {@code ExecutorService} to terminate
1018   * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
1019   * @return {@code true} if the {@code ExecutorService} was terminated successfully, {@code false}
1020   *     if the call timed out or was interrupted
1021   * @since 17.0
1022   */
1023  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
1024  @J2ktIncompatible
1025  @GwtIncompatible // concurrency
1026  @SuppressWarnings("GoodTime") // should accept a java.time.Duration
1027  public static boolean shutdownAndAwaitTermination(
1028      ExecutorService service, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
1029    long halfTimeoutNanos = unit.toNanos(timeout) / 2;
1030    // Disable new tasks from being submitted
1031    service.shutdown();
1032    try {
1033      // Wait for half the duration of the timeout for existing tasks to terminate
1034      if (!service.awaitTermination(halfTimeoutNanos, NANOSECONDS)) {
1035        // Cancel currently executing tasks
1036        service.shutdownNow();
1037        // Wait the other half of the timeout for tasks to respond to being cancelled
1038        service.awaitTermination(halfTimeoutNanos, NANOSECONDS);
1039      }
1040    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
1041      // Preserve interrupted status
1042      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
1043      // (Re-)Cancel if current thread also interrupted
1044      service.shutdownNow();
1045    }
1046    return service.isTerminated();
1047  }
1048
1049  /**
1050   * Returns an Executor that will propagate {@link RejectedExecutionException} from the delegate
1051   * executor to the given {@code future}.
1052   *
1053   * <p>Note, the returned executor can only be used once.
1054   */
1055  static Executor rejectionPropagatingExecutor(Executor delegate, AbstractFuture<?> future) {
1056    checkNotNull(delegate);
1057    checkNotNull(future);
1058    if (delegate == directExecutor()) {
1059      // directExecutor() cannot throw RejectedExecutionException
1060      return delegate;
1061    }
1062    return command -> {
1063      try {
1064        delegate.execute(command);
1065      } catch (RejectedExecutionException e) {
1066        future.setExceptionInternal(e);
1067      }
1068    };
1069  }
1070}